According to Ekkehard, what was the response all over Europe to the speech by Pope Urban II?

1095 synod of the Cosmic Church building, called by Pope Urban Two; initiated the First Crusade

Pope Urban II at the Quango of Clermont, given a late Gothic setting in this illumination from the Livre des Passages d'Outre-mer, of c 1474 (Bibliothèque nationale)

The Council of Clermont was a mixed synod of ecclesiastics and laymen of the Catholic Church, called by Pope Urban 2 and held from 17 to 27 November 1095 at Clermont, Auvergne, at the time part of the Duchy of Aquitaine.^{[i] [2]}

Pope Urban's speech on 27 Nov included the telephone call to arms that would result in the Start Crusade, and eventually the capture of Jerusalem and the institution of the Kingdom of Jerusalem. In this, Urban reacted to the request by Byzantine emperor Alexius I Comnenus who had sent envoys to the Council of Piacenza requesting military assistance confronting the Seljuk Turks.^[iii] Several accounts of the speech survive; of these, the one by Fulcher of Chartres, who was present at the council, is mostly accepted equally the most reliable.

Urban also discussed Cluniac reforms of the Church, and also extended the excommunication of Philip I of France for his adulterous remarriage to Bertrade of Montfort. The council besides declared a renewal of the Truce of God, an attempt on the part of the church to reduce feuding among Frankish nobles.^[4]

Participants [edit]

The council was attended by about 300 clerics. No official list of the participants or of the signatories to the decrees of the Council survives. A fractional list of some of the attendees tin can nonetheless be constructed.^[5]

• Joannes, Cardinal Bishop of Porto
• Dagobert, Archbishop of Pisa
• Bruno, Bishop of Segni
• Galterius, Key Bishop of Albano
• Rangerius, O.South.B., Archbishop of Reggio Calabria
• Richard, Fundamental Priest and Abbot of Due south. Victor in Marseille
• Teuzo, Cardinal Priest of SS. Joannis et Pauli
• Albertus, O.South.B., Cardinal Priest of Santa Sabina
• Joannes Gattellus, the Pope's Chancellor
• Gregory Papiensis, deacon
• Hugo of Verdun, deacon
• Hugues de Dice, Archbishop of Lyon and Papal Legate
• Amatus, Archbishop of Bordeaux and Papal Legate
• Rainaldus, Archbishop of Reims
• Richerius, Archbishop of Sens
• Rollandus, Bishop of Dol
• Dalmatius, Archbishop of Narbonne
• Bernard de Sedirac, Archbishop of Toledo and Legate in Spain
• Hoellus (Hoël) Bishop of Le Mans
• Geoffrey of Vendôme, cardinal-priest of the titular church of Santa Prisca on the Aventine
• Benedict, Bishop of Nantes
• Petrus, Bishop of Poitiers
• Ivo, Bishop of Chartres
• Joannes, Bishop of Orléans
• Roger, Bishop of Beauvais
• Radulfus (Raoul), Archbishop of Tours
• Hilgot, former Bishop of Soissons, monk of Marmoutiers

Spoken language [edit]

At that place are 6 chief sources of information virtually this portion of the council:^[6]

1. A letter that was written by Urban himself in December 1095 referring to the council;
2. The anonymous Gesta Francorum ("The Deeds of the Franks" dated c. 1100/1101);
3. Fulcher of Chartres, who was present at the quango, in his Gesta Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium (c. 1100–1105);
4. Robert the Monk, who may take been present at the quango, in Historia Hierosolymitana (1107);
5. Baldric, archbishop of Dol (written c. 1105);
6. Guibert de Nogent, Dei gesta per Francos (1107/viii).

The five versions of the speech vary widely in their details, and particularly those of Baldric and Guibert, both of whom were not present at the quango, are certainly colored past subsequently events. The account by Fulcher, who is known to have been nowadays at the council, is generally considered the almost reliable version.^[7]

Urban'south own letter, written in December 1095 and addressed to the faithful "waiting in Flanders," does lament that "a barbaric fury has deplorably afflicted and laid waste material the churches of God in the regions of the Orient". Urban does allude to Jerusalem, saying that this barbarian fury has "even grasped in intolerable servitude its churches and the Holy Urban center of Christ, glorified past His passion and resurrection". He calls upon the princes to "complimentary the churches of the E", appointing Adhemar of Le Puy as the leader of the expedition, to set out on the day of the Supposition of Mary (15 August 1096).^[8]

The Gesta Francorum does not give an account of the spoken language at any length, it merely mentions that Urban chosen upon all to "have upwardly the way of the Lord" and be prepared to suffer much, assured of their reward in heaven. Information technology goes on to emphasize how news of Urban's call to arms rapidly spread by word of mouth "through all the regions and countries of Gaul, the Franks, upon hearing such reports, forthwith caused crosses to be sewed on their right shoulders, saying that they followed with one accordance the footsteps of Christ, past which they had been redeemed from the hand of hell."^[9]

Fulcher [edit]

Fulcher of Chartres was present at the voice communication, and recorded it in Gesta Francorum Jerusalem Expugnantium. He was writing from retentivity a few years later (c. 1100–1105).^[10] He asserts, in his prologue, that he is recording merely such events as he had seen with his own optics, and his tape is phrased in a manner consistent with the way of oration known from papal speeches in the 11th century.^[11]

In Fulcher's text, Urban begins by reminding the clergy present that they are shepherds, and that they must be vigilant and avert carelessness and corruption. He reminds them to refrain from simony and to attach to the laws of the church. Urban complains near the lack of justice and public order in the Frankish provinces and calls for the re-establishment of the truce protecting clergy from violence. In the historiography of the Crusades, at that place is a long-standing statement every bit to how much the pacification of the Frankish realm was designed to get mitt in hand with the "export of violence" to the enemy in the east.^[12]

Fulcher reports that everyone present agreed to the pope's propositions and promised to adhere to the church'due south decrees. And then, subsequently this and other matters had been attended to, Urban spoke almost the suffering of Christianity in another part of the world.

In this 2nd part of his speech, Urban urges the Frankish Christians that once they have re-established peace and righteousness in their own land, they should plough their attention to the East and bring aid to the Christians in that location, every bit the Turks^[13] had attacked them and had recently conquered the territory of Romania (i.eastward. Byzantine Anatolia) as far west as the Mediterranean, the part known as the "Arm of Saint George" (the Sea of Marmara),^[14] killing and capturing many Christians and destroying churches and devastating the kingdom of God.^[15] In society to avoid farther loss of territory and even more widespread attacks on Christians, Urban calls on the clergy nowadays to publish his call to arms everywhere, and persuade all people of any rank, both nobles and commoners, to go to the aid of the Christians currently nether assault. Concluding his call to artillery with "Christ commands information technology" (Christus autem imperat),^[16] Urban defines the crusade both every bit a defensive only war and as a religious holy state of war.^[17]

Urban goes on to promise firsthand absolution to all who die either on the mode or in battle against the infidels. He then connects his telephone call to artillery with his previous call for peace in Gaul: "Let those who have been accustomed unjustly to wage individual warfare against the faithful now go against the infidels and finish with victory this state of war which should have been begun long agone. Let those who for a long time, have been robbers, now go knights. Allow those who have been fighting against their brothers and relatives now fight in a proper way against the barbarians. Let those who have been serving as mercenaries for small pay now obtain the eternal reward. Permit those who have been wearing themselves out in both trunk and soul now work for a double honor."^[18]

Robert [edit]

Some historians prefer the version of the speech reported by Robert the Monk in his Historia Iherosolimitana, written in 1107.^[nineteen] Robert gives a more brilliant business relationship, consisting both of a more than elaborate sermon and the "dramatic response" of the audience, bursting into spontaneous cries of Deus vult.^[20] In Robert's version, Urban calls the "race of the Franks" to Christian orthodoxy, reform and submission to the Church and to come to the aid of the Greek Christians in the e. As in Fulcher's account, Urban promises remission of sins for those who went to the due east.^[21] Robert's account of Urban's voice communication has the rhetoric of a dramatic "battle speech". Urban here emphasizes reconquering the Holy State more than than aiding the Greeks, an aspect defective in Fulcher's version and considered past many historians an insertion informed by the success of the Beginning Crusade. Both Robert's and Fulcher's account of the oral communication include a description of the terrible plight of the Christians in the East under the recent conquests of the Turks and the hope of remission of sins for those who go to their aid. Robert'southward version, however, includes a more vivid description of the atrocities committed by the conquerors, describing the desecration of churches, the forced circumcision, beheading and torture by disemboweling of Christian men and alluding to grievous rape of Christian women.^{[22] [23]} Perhaps with the wisdom of retrospect, Robert makes Urban advise that none but knights should go, not the old and feeble, nor priests without the permission of their bishops, "for such are more of a hindrance than aid, more of a burden than advantage... nor ought women to set up out at all, without their husbands or brothers or legal guardians."

Other versions [edit]

Nigh the same time, Baldric, archbishop of Dol, as well basing his account generally on Gesta Francorum, reported an emotional sermon focusing on the offenses of the Muslims and the reconquest of the Holy Country in terms likely to appeal to chivalry. Like Fulcher he also recorded that Urban deplored the violence of the Christian knights of Gaul. "It is less wicked to brandish your sword against Saracens," Baldric's Urban cries, comparing them to the Amalekites. The violence of knights he wanted to encounter ennobled in the service of Christ, defending the churches of the East as if defending a mother. Baldric asserts that Urban, there on the spot, appointed the bishop of Puy to lead the crusade.^[24]

Guibert, abbot of Nogent in his Dei gesta per Francos (1107/viii) also made that Urban emphasize the reconquest of the Holy Land more than help to the Greeks or other Christians there. This emphasis may, as in the case of Robert and Baldric, be due to the influence account of the reconquest of Jerusalem in the Gesta Francorum. Urban's speech in Guibert's version, emphasizes the sanctity of the Holy State, which must be in Christian possession then that prophecies almost the end of the globe could exist fulfilled.^[25]

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

1. ^ Due east. Glenn Hinson, The Church Triumphant: A History of Christianity Upwardly to 1300, (Mercer University Press, 1995), 387.
2. ^ Blumenthal, Utah-Renata. The Crusades – An Encyclopedia. pp. 263–265.
3. ^ Helen J. Nicholson, The Crusades, (Greenwood Publishing, 2004), 6.
4. ^ Peters 1971, p. 18.
5. ^ A contemporary pamphlet (libellus), complaining about the injustices done to the abbey of Majoris-Monasterii, included a narration of their entreatment to the Pope in the Council. A list of the witnesses to their lease of liberties Martin Boutonniere; Michel-Jean-Joseph Brial (1877). Recueil des historiens des Gaules et de la France (in French and Latin). Vol. Tome quatorzieme (14) (nouvelle ed.). Gregg Press. p. 98.
6. ^ Halsall, Paul (December 1997). "Medieval Sourcebook: Urban Ii (1088–1099): Speech at Council of Clermont, 1095, Five versions of the Spoken communication". Internet Medieval Source Book. Fordham University. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
7. ^ Georg Strack, The sermon of Urban II in Clermont 1095 and the Tradition of Papal Oratory, in: Medieval Sermon Studies 56 (2012), thirty–45. (uni-muenchen.de).
8. ^ Baronial. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants, Princeton (1921), 42–43. Riley-Smith, Louise; Riley-Smith, Johnathan, eds. (1981). The Crusades: Idea and Reality, 1095–1274. Documents of Medieval History. Vol. 4. London: E. Arnold. p. 38. ISBN0-7131-6348-8.
9. ^ August. C. Krey, The First Crusade: The Accounts of Eyewitnesses and Participants, Princeton (1921), 28–30. Rosalind M. Hill, ed. and trans., Gesta francorum et aliorum Hierosolymitanorum: The Deeds of the Franks (London: 1962).
10. ^ Historia Hierosolymitana: Mit Erläuterungen und einem Anhange, ed. past Heinrich Hagenmeyer (Heidelberg: Winter, 1913), pp. 44–45.; translation: A History of the Expedition to Jerusalem: 1095–1127, trans. by Frances R. Ryan, ed. by Harold S. Fink (Knoxville: Academy of Tennessee Press, 1969), pp. 19–twenty.
11. ^ Starck (2012): "only the version reported by Fulcher of Chartres corresponds to a sort of oratory mutual to papal speeches in the eleventh century" Georg Strack, "The Sermon of Urban II in Clermont and the Tradition of Papal Oratory", Medieval Sermon Studies 56 (2012), 30–45, DOI ten.1179/1366069112Z.0000000002 (uni-muenchen.de)
12. ^ Peters 1971, p. 17.
13. ^ Hagenmeier (1913:133f.): some manuscripts have Turci et Arabes "the Turks and Arabs", merely Hagenmeier prefers Turci, gens Persica as an ememdation past Fulcher in his 2d redaction of the text, equally information technology was well known to him that only the Turks, but not the Arabs, had advanced "equally far every bit the Mediterranean", and Fulcher is elsewhere punctilious in distinguishing Turks on 1 paw from Arabs or Saracens on the other.
14. ^ Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana 1.3.3, ed. Hagenmeier (1913), p. 133.
15. ^ regunum Dei vastando; some mss. instead read regnum quoque vastando, "and devastating the realm" (Hagenmeier 1913:134).
16. ^ Fulcheri Carnotensis Historia Hierosolymitana 1.3.v, ed. Hagenmeier (1913), p. 135.
17. ^ Starck (2012:33)
18. ^ Bongars, Gesta Dei per Francos, 1, 382 f., trans. in: Oliver J. Thatcher and Edgar Holmes McNeal (eds.), A Source Volume for Medieval History, New York: Scribners (1905), 513–517 fordham.edu
19. ^ Starck (2012:34)
20. ^ Philippe Le Bas (ed.), Historia Iherosolimitana, Recueil des Historiens des Croisades: Historiens Occidentaux vol. 3, Paris: Imprimerie Royale (1866), p. 729.
21. ^ The 'Liber Lamberti', a source based on the notes of Bishop Lambert of Arras, who attended the Council, indicates that Urban offered the remission of all penance due from sins, what afterwards came to exist called an indulgence. http://falcon.arts.cornell.edu/prh3/259/texts/clermont.html
22. ^ Madden, Thomas (16 March 2014). The Concise History of the Crusades. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 264. ISBN9781442215740.
23. ^ Dana C. Munro, "Urban and the Crusaders", Translations and Reprints from the Original Sources of European History, Vol one:2, Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania (1895), 5–8 (fordham.edu)
24. ^ Keats-Rohan, K. S. B. "Baldric of Dol (1046–1130)". The Crusades – An Encyclopedia. p. 130.
25. ^ Keats-Rohan, 1000. S. B. "Guibert of Nogent (1055 – c. 1125)". The Crusades – An Encyclopedia. p. 548.

Bibliography [edit]

• Peters, Edward, ed. (1971). The First Crusade. Philadelphia: Academy of Pennsylvania Printing. ISBN0812210174.
• Somerville, Robert, "The Quango of Clermont and the Start Crusade", Studia Gratiana 20 (1976), 325–337.
• Somerville, Robert, "The Council of Clermont (1095), and Latin Christian Guild", Archivum Historiae Pontificiae 12 (1974): 55–90 (jstor.org).
• Strack, Georg, "The sermon of Urban Two in Clermont 1095 and the Tradition of Papal Oratory", Medieval Sermon Studies 56 (2012): thirty–45 (doi:x.1179/1366069112Z.0000000002) (pdf).
• Titterton, James (2020). "Anemic Turks and Sanguine Crusaders: William of Malmesbury's Use of Vegetius in His Account of Urban II's Sermon at Clermont". The Medieval Chronicle. 13: 289–308. doi:10.1163/9789004428560_014. ISBN9789004428560. S2CID 219787181. (https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004428560)

External links [edit]

• Medieval Sourcebook: Five versions of Urban'southward sermon

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Council_of_Clermont

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